Studia Iuris
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Item HOW LEGAL ARE DRUG TESTS? LEGAL ENTITY(Plovdiv University Press, 2025-11-25) Andreeva, CindyThe report examines the legality of drug tests used by law enforcement agencies, emphasizing the need to follow established procedures for their validity. Issues such as false positives caused by technical flaws, reactions to legal substances, and procedural violations are addressed. The main problems with the probative value of the tests are discussed. In addition, the report suggests improving the devices with which they are tested, greater awareness of citizens about their rights, and more. Lawful procedures themselves are key to avoiding undue sanctions.Item APPEAL OF ELECTRONIC TICKETS(Plovdiv University Press, 2025-11-25) Yusein, MelisaThis paper aims to discuss the procedure for appealing electronic ticket ticket ticket, which is a current problem for the citizens of the Republic of Bulgaria. This issue is currently a major one, because with each passing year the number of motor vehicles increases and various technical means for measuring speed are being used in Bulgaria. The possible consequences of the appeal will also be considered, as well as its importance for protecting the rights of citizens and strengthening the legal order in the country.Item PENALTIES IN BULGARIAN LAW: COMPARISON BETWEEN THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE RULES AND THE LAW ON ADMINISTRATIVE OFFENCES AND PENALTIES(Plovdiv University Press, 2025-11-25) Yordanov, KrasimirThis report aims to compare the penalties in the Criminal Procedure Rules and in the Law on Administrative Penalties and Offences, to analyse the similarities and differences with which the legislator has separated administrative penalties from penalties in the Criminal Procedure Rules . It will address the question of the necessity for this separation between penalties in the Administrative Penalties and Offences and in the Criminal Procedure Rules. And whether there was really a need for the creation of "specialised courts' to resolve issues related to administrative offences, or should they have been left to the jurisdiction of the District Courts and the special part of the Criminal Procedure Rules.Item REFUSALS UNDER ARTICLE 174, PARAGRAPH 3 OF THE LAW ON ROAD TRAFFIC FOR A DRIVER TO UNDERGO A TEST FOR ALCOHOL AND/OR DRUGS IN THE BLOOD ARE TWO INDEPENDENT ADMINISTRATIVE OFFENCES, AND IN THIS CASE THE NORM UNDER ARTICLE 18 OF ZANN(Plovdiv University Press, 2025-11-25) Georgieva, GerganaThis article analyzes the provisions of Article 174, Paragraph 3 of the Road Traffic Act and Interpretative Decision No. 13 dated December 20, 2021, issued by the Supreme Administrative Court. The study focuses on the key concepts of “administrative violation” and “administrative penalty,” as well as the general principle concerning the prohibition of accumulating administrative penalties. The article also examines opinions expressed by lawyers and judges on the matter, along with the dissenting opinion in the aforementioned interpretative decision.Item PROBATIVE VALUE OF ACTS DRAWN UP UNDER ARTICLE 189(2) OF THE ROAD TRAFFIC ACT(Plovdiv University Press, 2025-11-25) Hodzha, BairieThe present study aims to provide information on the evidentiary value of regularly drawn up acts under the Road Traffic Act. The legal status of the drawn up fiches, respectively of the act establishing an administrative violation, prerequisites, as well as their appeal will be examined. Attention will also be paid to the presumption of guilt, which is an important part of the intended legislative result under the legal norm formulated in this way.Item GROUNDS LEADING TO CANCELLATION OF ELECTRONIC SLIPS(Plovdiv University Press, 2025-11-25) Yaneva, AnaThe present study aims to introduce the procedure for issuing electronic slips and the possible mistakes that can be made when preparing it. Some of the omissions or wrongly performed actions of the compilers may result in an illegal electronic slip, which will be canceled if contested.Item THE RIGHT TO A QUALITY LIFE IN BULGARIA(Plovdiv University Press, 2025-11-25) Grancharova, StoyankaThe right to quality of life is a fundamental principle of modern society, but in Bulgaria it is often not fully respected. The debate whether the state or the individual bears the main responsibility for ensuring a quality life remains relevant. The balance between state support and individual efforts is essential.Item GENDER EQUALITY(Plovdiv University Press, 2025-11-25) Shakir, MertThe examination of gender equality from historical and social perspectives highlights the longstanding discrimination against women. Based on physical differences and cultural stereotypes, women are often perceived as the "weaker gender" and are deprived of fundamental rights and freedoms. Gender equality is not only a matter of justice but also a strategic key to social and economic development. Creating an environment where everyone can develop their potential and actively participate in life is a task that engages all of us.Item FOR OR AGAINST THE LEGALIZATION OF ABORTION(Plovdiv University Press, 2025-11-25) Koleva, StoyanaThis essay examines the topic of abortion as a controversial moral and legal issue, focusing on the following arguments: the right to life of the unborn child and a woman's right to personal choice. The historical development of abortionm legislation in Bulgaria and the ethical, religious and medical aspects of the issue are explored. The essay emphasizes the importance of legal access to safe abortions and the need for measures to prevent unwanted pregnancies through education and contraception.Item OUR RIGHT TO DIE(Plovdiv University Press, 2025-11-25) Dimitrova, MarietaThe essay addresses the issue of the right to die with dignity and the need to legalize euthanasia in Bulgaria. It analyses historical, religious, moral and legal aspects of the issue, stressing that this right is closely linked to the right to life, dignity and personal freedom. Examples are given from countries where euthanasia is regulated, and the view is expressed that legislation must allow for controlled application in order to preserve human dignity and freedom of choice.Item THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION IN BULGARIA(Plovdiv University Press, 2025-11-25) Draganova, GerganaEducation is a fundamental factor for achieving success, as it provides opportunities for personal growth and professional realization that cannot be replaced by material benefits. However, more and more young people are taking the easy route to temporary goals, neglecting the importance of knowledge and skills gained through education. Despite the availability of quality universities in Bulgaria, many prefer to study abroad, often without returning, which limits the country's development.Item LIFE WITHOUT VIOLENCE IS A RIGHT, NOT A PRIVILEGE(Plovdiv University Press, 2025-11-25) Georgieva, SilviaThe essay examines the fundamental human right to a life free from violence, stressing that it is not a privilege but a universal norm. The text focuses on violations such as domestic violence, gender, race, religion and sexual orientation discrimination, and highlights the importance of laws such as the Istanbul Convention.Item LAW IS THE RELIGION EVERYONE IS BORN WITH(Plovdiv University Press, 2025-11-25) Papazova, YoannaThis paper examines various aspects of the essence of law as a religion with which each of us is born. The roots of science, the development of civilization, the legal compass, rights and the application of laws, emotions, inaction, art and philosophy. If man, in his perfection, is the noblest of all animals, so he, separated from law and right, is the worst.Item EVOLUTION OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL POWERS OF THE HEAD OF STATE IN THE FIELD OF NATIONAL SECURITY(Plovdiv University Press, 2025-11-25) Paligorova, VictoriaThis article examines the development of the head of state’s powers in the field of national security under Bulgaria’s four constitutions – the Tarnovo Constitution (1879), The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bulgaria (1947), The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bulgaria (1971), and the current Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria (1991). It analyzes constitutional provisions regarding supreme command of the armed forces, the declaration of war, the imposition of state of emergency or martial law, appointments in the high military command, the conclusion and ratification of international treaties, and other related actions. The study demonstrates a significant evolution – from the broad discretion of the monarch in the early constitutional period, through collective organs with limited functions during the People’s Republic era, to clearly delineated and balanced presidential powers in today’s parliamentary republic.Item CONTENT OF THE EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP WITH A SPECIALIST PHYSICIAN(Plovdiv University Press, 2025-11-25) Filipova, TeodoraThe article analyzes the mandatory and optional content of the internship employment relationship when applying the special and general legal framework. The specifics of the employment contract as a type of on-the-job training contract under Art. 230 of the Labor Code are clarified and the impact of the subject matter on the content of its essential elements (job title, place of work, working hours, remuneration, etc.), as well as specific obligations of the employer: to appoint a supervisor for the intern and to provide opportunities for training outside the medical facility. Attention is drawn to inconsistencies and gaps in the regulatory framework and relevant case law is examined.Item REGARDING CONCEPT OF „ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SYSTEM“ IN LAW(Plovdiv University Press, 2025-11-25) Vladimirova, KatiaIf a hundred years ago, humanity’s dreams of robots replacing them in their work were something unattainable and largely in the realm of science fiction, today they are part of our lives. What’s more, intelligent software systems and algorithms were created that have the ability for deep learning and advancement thanks to their own experience. This industrial revolution imposed changes in society, changes in science, and presented the scientific community with new challenges. In an attempt to respond to these changes, scientists in all fields of science set out to find an answer to the question of what artificial intelligence is, what the concept includes. The purpose of this presentation is not to cover all concepts and definitions of artificial intelligence in different scientific fields. My attention will be focused on the legal essence of the concept of "artificial intelligence system“.Item ON THE TERMS ‘CONTRIBUTION’ AND ‘MUTUAL CAUSATION’ IN THE CONTEXT OF TORTS(Plovdiv University Press, 2025-11-25) Datsov, VladislavBoth legal doctrine and judicial practice use the term ‘mutual causation’ when referring to the behaviour of the injured which aided the occurrence of damages in cases of torts. The lawmaker, however, uses the term ‘contribution’. The current article seeks the answer to the question whether the difference between the two terms is merely terminological or also substantial, using the commonly accepted interpretational methods.Item THE BURDEN OF PROOF IN CONSTITUTIONAL LITIGATION(Plovdiv University Press, 2025-11-25) Yankulova, RadoslavaThe purpose of the article is to analyze the distribution of the burden of proof in constitutional litigation. The author's considerations are set out in the context of the approach adopted by the Bulgarian Constitutional Court in Case No. 1/1995, according to which failure to submit evidence requested by the Court may lead to certain adverse legal consequences for the party to the proceedings who fails to submit them.Item GROUNDS FOR ESTABLISHING AN EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP WITH A SPECIALIST PHYSICIAN(Plovdiv University Press, 2025-11-25) Filipova, TeodoraThe article provides a historical overview of the special legislative regulations for acquiring a medical specialty, comparing the legal relationships that arose under the operation of the various legal frameworks. A critical legal analysis of the applicable regulation is made, which indicates different types of grounds for the emergence of the internship employment relationship – competition and employment contract and the problems related to them in judicial practice. The actual basis for the establishing an employment relationship with a specialist physician is determined and proposals for legislative change are made.Item THE CONCEPT OF “BRINGING TO CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY” IN THE BULGARIAN CRIMINAL PROCESS(Plovdiv University Press, 2025-11-25) Dzaneva, MariaThe article examines the concept of “bringing to criminal responsibility” in the light of criminal procedural theory, as well as judicial and prosecutorial practice in criminal cases. The differences in the content of this concept as used in the Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria and in criminal procedure doctrine are examined. A comparison is made between “bringing to criminal responsibility” and other similar concepts in order to clarify its content.